Introduction
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is one of the most common abdominal surgeries in the world. It is superior to less pain and faster recovery times than primary open surgery. It also offers a safe and cost-effective procedure compared with open cholecystectomy (1). After German surgeon Erich Mühe performed LC for the first time in 1985, French surgeon Philip Mouret performed the first LC in 1987 (2). With the advances in surgical skills and technology, LC has become the gold standard surgery for gallstone diseases and acute cholecystitis (3,4).
The incidence of cholelithiasis and acute cholecystitis increases with age (4,5). The population of the world is aging, necessitating improvements in healthcare services and quality of life. While the global population is still growing, the number of people aged 65 or over is estimated to more than double between 2019 and 2050 (6). It is suggested that due to the comorbidities in the elderly patients, more complications can be observed especially when performing a laparoscopic operation (7). Age-related comorbidities are considered the most important factors that may increase postoperative morbidity and mortality (8). Also, there is still controversy about the feasibility of LC in elderly patients in the literature (9). This study investigated the feasibility of LC in elderly patients compared with adult age patients.
Methods
This retrospective study enrolled patients aged 18 years or older who underwent cholecystectomy (open, laparoscopic, or converted to open) in University of Health Sciences Türkiye Samsun Training and Research Hospital, General Surgery Unit between December 2015 and December 2019. A total of 661 records were initially identified. Patients who underwent primary open cholecystectomy (n=32) and patients with missing data (n=9) were excluded. The study protocol was approved by the Non-invasive Investigation Ethics Committee of our hospital.
The screened indications for surgery were acute cholecystitis, biliary pancreatitis, symptomatic cholelithiasis, and gallbladder polyposis. The patients who underwent emergency surgery due to gallbladder perforations and gangrenous cholecystitis were also included in the study. The patients who were operated on 72 h after emergency admission were categorized as the emergency surgery group. Patients who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy were excluded from this study. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was made by clinically right upper quadrant pain, Murphy sign, and 38 °C or higher body temperature, leukocytosis, gallbladder wall thickening, gallbladder distention, and pericholecystic fluid collection on ultrasonography (USG) or computed tomography.
The participants were classified into two groups: <65 years of age (adult group) and ≥65 years of age (elderly group). Age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores, preoperative USG findings (acute cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and gallbladder polyposis), preoperative laboratory tests [complete blood counts, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, albumin, and bilirubin levels], comorbidities, type of surgery (laparoscopic and conversion to open), complications, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality were recorded. Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification was used to determine the severity of complications (10). CD score ≥3 was compared with a CD score <3 in the two groups.
LC technique applied in our surgery clinic in the examined period of the study was the standard North American four ports technique (11). Pneumoperitoneum in this approach is established using a Veress needle or Hasson cannula according to the surgeon’s choice and the patient’s history of past abdominal surgery. After careful dissection, the cystic duct and artery are clipped and cut. An epigastric port site is used to retrieve the gallbladder. Routine intraoperative cholangiography is not used. The use of drain tubes is chosen by the surgeon on demand. Dense adhesions, evidence of common bile duct injury, and uncontrollable hemorrhage are the main reasons for conversion to open surgery. When conversion to open cholecystectomy is needed a subcostal incision is used. Prophylactic antibiotics are used in all operations.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for all statistical analysis. Quantitative variables were presented as means±standard deviation (SD) and medians (1st quartile-3rd quartile). Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. When comparing two groups the chi-square test was used to compare nominal variables. The Student’s t-test was used for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data. P<0.05 was considered the level of statistical significance.
Results
A total of 620 patients (age, mean±SD; 52±14.9, female 73%) were eligible for the study. Of these, 481 (77.5%) (age, mean ± SD; 46±11.5, female 74.7%) were adult patients and 139 (22.5%) (age, mean±SD; 71±5.8, female 67.7%) were elderly (Table 1). There was no gender difference between the two groups. A significant difference was observed in terms of ASA classification. While the proportion of ASA grade 3 and grade 4 in the elderly patient group was 27.3% and 1.4% respectively, this rate was 5.8% and 0.2% in the adult age group. Similar to this finding, the number of of comorbidities was higher in the elderly group. The most common comorbidity was hypertension in both groups (5.4% vs. 15.1%, respectively).
The proportion of patients with preoperative acute cholecystitis on USG was similar between the groups (p=0.08) (Table 1). Preoperative white blood cell count, hemoglobin, AST, and direct bilirubin levels were also similar (Table 2).
Postoperative complication rate was higher in the elderly patient group, however, the difference was marginally nonsignificant (2.5% vs 5.7%, p=0.055). There was no significant difference in the degree of complications between the groups (Table 3). The list of complications are listed in Table 4. While postoperative bleeding was more frequent in the adult age group, bile leakage, wound infection, and other surgery-related complications were similarly recorded in the two groups.
Most operations were completed laparoscopically in both groups (98.3% versus 95.6%). However, 8 (1.7%) patients in the adult age group and 6 (4.4%) patients in the elderly group required conversion to open cholecystectomy, mainly because of the difficulty in gallbladder exposure with unclear anatomy and safety issues. The conversion rate between the groups was statistically similar (p=0.064). No deaths were recorded in the whole sample.
Discussion
Although LC is considered the gold standard method for treating gallbladder diseases, it remains a challenge for surgeons in elderly patients. Owing to the high-risk comorbidities and reduced physiological reserves, elderly patients are likely to have more complications after surgery (7,12-15). Recent publications have reported almost 30% of elderly patients who have gallbladder diseases are not operated due to the fear of age-dependent comorbidities (16). However, it is also well known that non-operative treatment options may cause recurrent biliary problems.
In this study, we observed significantly higher ASA scores in the elderly patients who underwent LC. However, preoperative USG findings, sex distribution, and preoperative history of acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis were similar between the adult age and elderly groups. These findings were comparable with the literature (5,7,14,17).
When the adult age and elderly groups were compared for the postoperative outcomes, the length of hospital stay and the rate of ICU admission were higher in the elderly group. However, conversion to open surgery, operation time and the rates of complications were similar in our study. In parallel to our findings, Bhandari et al. (18) found no significant differerences in the mean operation time and complication rates between the age groups. On the other hand, despite the similarities in overall complication rates, elderly patients had slightly more severe complications (grade 3 or higher) than adult patients according to the CD classification. The severity of complications and preoperative comorbid conditions could be linked to longer length of hospital stay and higher ICU admission rates in the elderly group.
In a retrospective study, van Heesewijk et al. (3) found more complication rates in the elderly patients. In our study, we also found more complication rates in elderly patients (2.5% vs 5.7%) but the difference was not statistically significant. According to the CD classification system, low severity complications (grade 1-2) were more common in our total study group. This finding is consistent with the existing literature (13,16).
The reported conversion rates in previous studies varied from 1.5% to 20% in elderly patients (16). We found a 4.4% conversion rate in the older age group, which was not significantly different from the adult age group. In our study, we did not analyze the patients with primary open cholecystectomy mainly to demonstrate the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients. On the other hand, Fukami et al. (14) included primary open cholecystectomies in their study and reported a higher rate of primary open cases in the octogenarian group. They stated that in high-risk patients (i.e., severe cardiac disease) their choice was not LC.
Previous studies have reported mortality rates between 0 and 1.6% after LC in elderly patients (8,19). In octogenarian patients, the rate of mortality increases beyond 6% (3,14,18,20). However, no mortality was recorded in our study.
This study has some limitations. First, the design of this study was retrospective. Therefore, a selection bias and missing data may not be neglicable. Second, we excluded patient who were treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy. This treatment method is not commonly used in our surgery department due to the lack of experienced interventional radiologists. And lastly, we did not analyze the long-term effects of complications, as we focused on early complications. Bile duct injury and bile leaks can lead to further operations and interventions like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and nasobiliary tube placement. These patients may have benign biliary strictures or past cholangitis events. Therefore, their quality of life may have been impaired.
Conclusion
This study revealed statistically similar rates of postoperative complications and conversion rates between elderly and adult patients who underwent LC. The results overall suggest that LC in elderly patients is safe and feasible with acceptable complication rates.
Ethics
Ethics Committee Approval: The study was approved by the Samsun Training and Research Hospital of Non-invasive Investigation Ethics Committee (protocol number: GOKA/2019/3/12, date: 25.12.2019).
Informed Consent: Retrospective study.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Authorship Contributions
Surgical and Medical Practices: A.B.Ç., A.C.S., Concept: A.B.Ç., Design: A.B.Ç., Data Collection or Processing: A.B.Ç., S.O., A.B.Ç., Analysis or Interpretation: A.B.Ç., S.O., A.B.Ç., Literature Search: A.B.Ç., A.B.Ç., Writing: A.B.Ç.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.
